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Features:
 Interrupt based movement with real linear acceleration
 High steprate
 Look ahead (Keep the speed high when possible. High cornering speed)
 Interrupt based temperature protection
 preliminary support for Matthew Roberts advance algorithm For more info see: http://reprap.org/pipermail/reprap-dev/2011-May/003323.html 
 Full endstop support
 SD Card support
 SD Card folders (works in pronterface)
 SD Card autostart support
 LCD support (ideally 20x4)
 LCD menu system for autonomous SD card printing, controlled by an click-encoder.
 EEPROM storage of e.g. max-velocity, max-acceleration, and similar variables
 many small but handy things originating from bkubicek's fork.
 Arc support
 Temperature oversampling
 Dynamic Temperature setpointing aka "AutoTemp"
 Support for QTMarlin, a very beta GUI for PID-tuning and velocity-acceleration testing. https://github.com/bkubicek/QTMarlin 
 Endstop trigger reporting to the host software.
 Updated sdcardlib
 Heater power reporting. Useful for PID monitoring.
 PID tuning
 CoreXY kinematics (www.corexy.com/theory.html)
 Delta kinematics
 Dual X-carriage support for multiple extruder systems
 Configurable serial port to support connection of wireless adaptors.
 Automatic operation of extruder/cold-end cooling fans based on nozzle temperature
 RC Servo Support, specify angle or duration for continuous rotation servos.
 Bed Auto Leveling.

The default baudrate is 250000. This baudrate has less jitter and hence errors than the usual 115200 baud, but is less supported by drivers and host-environments.
Differences and additions to the already good Sprinter firmware:
Look-ahead:

Marlin has look-ahead. While sprinter has to break and re-accelerate at each corner, lookahead will only decelerate and accelerate to a velocity, so that the change in vectorial velocity magnitude is less than the xy_jerk_velocity. This is only possible, if some future moves are already processed, hence the name. It leads to less over-deposition at corners, especially at flat angles.
Arc support:

Slic3r can find curves that, although broken into segments, were ment to describe an arc. Marlin is able to print those arcs. The advantage is the firmware can choose the resolution, and can perform the arc with nearly constant velocity, resulting in a nice finish. Also, less serial communication is needed.
Temperature Oversampling:

To reduce noise and make the PID-differential term more useful, 16 ADC conversion results are averaged.
AutoTemp:

If your gcode contains a wide spread of extruder velocities, or you realtime change the building speed, the temperature should be changed accordingly. Usually, higher speed requires higher temperature. This can now be performed by the AutoTemp function By calling M109 S B F you enter the autotemp mode.

You can leave it by calling M109 without any F. If active, the maximal extruder stepper rate of all buffered moves will be calculated, and named "maxerate" [steps/sec]. The wanted temperature then will be set to t=tempmin+factor*maxerate, while being limited between tempmin and tempmax. If the target temperature is set manually or by gcode to a value less then tempmin, it will be kept without change. Ideally, your gcode can be completely free of temperature controls, apart from a M109 S T F in the start.gcode, and a M109 S0 in the end.gcode.
EEPROM:

If you know your PID values, the acceleration and max-velocities of your unique machine, you can set them, and finally store them in the EEPROM. After each reboot, it will magically load them from EEPROM, independent what your Configuration.h says.
LCD Menu:

If your hardware supports it, you can build yourself a LCD-CardReader+Click+encoder combination. It will enable you to realtime tune temperatures, accelerations, velocities, flow rates, select and print files from the SD card, preheat, disable the steppers, and do other fancy stuff. One working hardware is documented here: http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:12663 Also, with just a 20x4 or 16x2 display, useful data is shown.
SD card folders:

If you have an SD card reader attached to your controller, also folders work now. Listing the files in pronterface will show "/path/subpath/file.g". You can write to file in a subfolder by specifying a similar text using small letters in the path. Also, backup copies of various operating systems are hidden, as well as files not ending with ".g".
SD card folders:

If you place a file auto[0-9].g into the root of the sd card, it will be automatically executed if you boot the printer. The same file will be executed by selecting "Autostart" from the menu. First *0 will be performed, than *1 and so on. That way, you can heat up or even print automatically without user interaction.
Endstop trigger reporting:

If an endstop is hit while moving towards the endstop, the location at which the firmware thinks that the endstop was triggered is outputed on the serial port. This is useful, because the user gets a warning message. However, also tools like QTMarlin can use this for finding acceptable combinations of velocity+acceleration.
Coding paradigm:

Not relevant from a user side, but Marlin was split into thematic junks, and has tried to partially enforced private variables. This is intended to make it clearer, what interacts which what, and leads to a higher level of modularization. We think that this is a useful prestep for porting this firmware to e.g. an ARM platform in the future. A lot of RAM (with enabled LCD ~2200 bytes) was saved by storing char []="some message" in Program memory. In the serial communication, a #define based level of abstraction was enforced, so that it is clear that some transfer is information (usually beginning with "echo:"), an error "error:", or just normal protocol, necessary for backwards compatibility.
Interrupt based temperature measurements:

An interrupt is used to manage ADC conversions, and enforce checking for critical temperatures. This leads to less blocking in the heater management routine.
Implemented G Codes:
 G0 -> G1
 G1 - Coordinated Movement X Y Z E
 G2 - CW ARC
 G3 - CCW ARC
 G4 - Dwell S or P
 G10 - retract filament according to settings of M207
 G11 - retract recover filament according to settings of M208
 G28 - Home all Axis
 G29 - Detailed Z-Probe, probes the bed at 3 points. You must de at the home position for this to work correctly.
 G30 - Single Z Probe, probes bed at current XY location.
 G90 - Use Absolute Coordinates
 G91 - Use Relative Coordinates
 G92 - Set current position to cordinates given

M Codes
 M0 - Unconditional stop - Wait for user to press a button on the LCD (Only if ULTRA_LCD is enabled)
 M1 - Same as M0
 M17 - Enable/Power all stepper motors
 M18 - Disable all stepper motors; same as M84
 M20 - List SD card
 M21 - Init SD card
 M22 - Release SD card
 M23 - Select SD file (M23 filename.g)
 M24 - Start/resume SD print
 M25 - Pause SD print
 M26 - Set SD position in bytes (M26 S12345)
 M27 - Report SD print status
 M28 - Start SD write (M28 filename.g)
 M29 - Stop SD write
 M30 - Delete file from SD (M30 filename.g)
 M31 - Output time since last M109 or SD card start to serial
 M32 - Select file and start SD print (Can be used when printing from SD card)
 M42 - Change pin status via gcode Use M42 Px Sy to set pin x to value y, when omitting Px the onboard led will be used.
 M80 - Turn on Power Supply
 M81 - Turn off Power Supply
 M82 - Set E codes absolute (default)
 M83 - Set E codes relative while in Absolute Coordinates (G90) mode
 M84 - Disable steppers until next move, or use S to specify an inactivity timeout, after which the steppers will be disabled. S0 to disable the timeout.
 M85 - Set inactivity shutdown timer with parameter S. To disable set zero (default)
 M92 - Set axis_steps_per_unit - same syntax as G92
 M104 - Set extruder target temp
 M105 - Read current temp
 M106 - Fan on
 M107 - Fan off
 M109 - Sxxx Wait for extruder current temp to reach target temp. Waits only when heating
 Rxxx Wait for extruder current temp to reach target temp. Waits when heating and cooling
 M112 - Emergency stop
 M114 - Output current position to serial port
 M115 - Capabilities string
 M117 - display message
 M119 - Output Endstop status to serial port
 M126 - Solenoid Air Valve Open (BariCUDA support by jmil)
 M127 - Solenoid Air Valve Closed (BariCUDA vent to atmospheric pressure by jmil)
 M128 - EtoP Open (BariCUDA EtoP = electricity to air pressure transducer by jmil)
 M129 - EtoP Closed (BariCUDA EtoP = electricity to air pressure transducer by jmil)
 M140 - Set bed target temp
 M190 - Sxxx Wait for bed current temp to reach target temp. Waits only when heating
 Rxxx Wait for bed current temp to reach target temp. Waits when heating and cooling
 M200 D- set filament diameter and set E axis units to cubic millimeters (use S0 to set back to millimeters).
 M201 - Set max acceleration in units/s^2 for print moves (M201 X1000 Y1000)
 M202 - Set max acceleration in units/s^2 for travel moves (M202 X1000 Y1000) Unused in Marlin!!
 M203 - Set maximum feedrate that your machine can sustain (M203 X200 Y200 Z300 E10000) in mm/sec
 M204 - Set default acceleration: S normal moves T filament only moves (M204 S3000 T7000) im mm/sec^2 also sets minimum segment time in ms (B20000) to prevent buffer underruns and M20 minimum feedrate
 M205 - advanced settings: minimum travel speed S=while printing T=travel only, B=minimum segment time X= maximum xy jerk, Z=maximum Z jerk, E=maximum E jerk
 M206 - set additional homeing offset
 M207 - set retract length S[positive mm] F[feedrate mm/min] Z[additional zlift/hop], stays in mm regardless of M200 setting
 M208 - set recover=unretract length S[positive mm surplus to the M207 S*] F[feedrate mm/min]
 M209 - S enable automatic retract detect if the slicer did not support G10/11: every normal extrude-only move will be classified as retract depending on the direction.
 M218 - set hotend offset (in mm): T X Y
 M220 S- set speed factor override percentage
 M221 S- set extrude factor override percentage
 M240 - Trigger a camera to take a photograph
 M280 - Position an RC Servo P S, ommit S to report back current angle
 M300 - Play beepsound S P
 M301 - Set PID parameters P I and D
 M302 - Allow cold extrudes
 M303 - PID relay autotune S sets the target temperature. (default target temperature = 150C)
 M304 - Set bed PID parameters P I and D
 M400 - Finish all moves
 M401 - Lower z-probe if present
 M402 - Raise z-probe if present
 M500 - stores paramters in EEPROM
 M501 - reads parameters from EEPROM (if you need reset them after you changed them temporarily).
 M502 - reverts to the default "factory settings". You still need to store them in EEPROM afterwards if you want to.
 M503 - print the current settings (from memory not from eeprom)
 M540 - Use S[0|1] to enable or disable the stop SD card print on endstop hit (requires ABORT_ON_ENDSTOP_HIT_FEATURE_ENABLED)
 M600 - Pause for filament change X[pos] Y[pos] Z[relative lift] E[initial retract] L[later retract distance for removal]
 M907 - Set digital trimpot motor current using axis codes.
 M908 - Control digital trimpot directly.
 M350 - Set microstepping mode.
 M351 - Toggle MS1 MS2 pins directly.
 M928 - Start SD logging (M928 filename.g) - ended by M29
 M999 - Restart after being stopped by error